Videos from the upcoming

Gootkin et. al. 2026

B & U

Turbulence creates a series of structures across multiple scales and amplifies the magnetic fields

Injection

Each frame displays the location where particles are being “injected” as pink dots. Previous works have found injection to coincide with current sheets, however the strongest current sheets see virtually no injection during our simulation. Rather, on the left we see lots of injection occuring at shocks.

Follow co-injected particles

These particles all get injected at the same time, and the video pauses at that moment, half way through. notice how they are all injected at shocks, and most in a space surrounded by shocks!

Energization

in collisionless plasmas energization can only be done by electric fields, the two most important types of electric fields for these simulations are the Hall field, JxB, and the inductive field, uxB. In supersonic turbulence we find that the inductive term dominates.

Distribution of non-thermal vs low-energy particles

left: heat map of all tracked non-thermal, high-energy particles, with the green box denoting the boundary of the right box. Throughout the simulation, but especially initially, non-thermals are NOT spread evenly throughout the simulation.

right: heat map of a small, volume-limited sample of particles which maintain low-energies throughout the simulation. As opposed to the non-thermals in the same location these particles pass through the shock and sink down to the center of the growing current sheet